Words and Phrases Origins

K – Kick the Bucket, bucket list, Know the ropes…

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GRUESOMENESS WARNING…

Here is another phrase whose meaning is well understood as a slang phrase for “to die”, but whose origins are severally disputed. There are two main contenders, firstly, when a man was to be hanged in an improvised fashion, he may have been stood upon an inverted bucket whilst the noose was drawn tight, whence the bucket was kicked away and the unfortunate victim left dangling. The second idea comes from the name of a beam from which animals are hung by the back feet whilst being slaughtered – thought to come from the French word trébuchet or buque, meaning “balance”. The animal might spasm whilst dying and thus kick the bucket. It seems unlikely to me that with the weight of the animal pulling down on the legs suspended from the beam, these legs could kick the beam or bucket, however, since some animals were killed by cutting their throats and draining the blood into a bucket below, this is much more likely to be knocked over by a death spasm from the poor beast.

Support for the first explanation comes from William Shakespeare (him again) who used the word in this sense in his play Henry IV Part II where Falstaff says:

“Swifter than he that gibbets on the Brewers Bucket.” — William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part II*

Other contenders include the sometimes Roman Catholic practice of placing a bucket of holy water at the feet of a deceased person so that those paying their respects could sprinkle a little of it on the corpse. Another suggestion is that a human being might also spasm at the moment of death by way of stretching out to full length and thus kicking over a bucket that might happen to be at their feet, whilst yet another theory is that goats might be particularly prone to kicking over the bucket of milk that has just been drawn from them.

So take your pick as to the origin of “kicking the bucket” but one thing which is more certain is that the ubiquity of the phrase has given rise to another – Bucket List – a list of things to do before you die! This in turn gave rise to the film title “Things To Do in Denver Before You Die”.

I have a Retrospective bucket list which contains, as far as I can remember and not necessarily in this order:-

  • Sailing around the world (by ship not sailing a yaught)
  • Designing and converting an old stable into a house and our home
  • Completing a novel
  • Finding the love of my life
  • Painting my masterpiece mural (now sadly gone)
  • Taking my part in raising a step-family
  • Completing the A to Z Challenge 3 times already

And then there is a list of things I will almost certainly not now achieve before I die (Not a Hope List):-

  • Fathering a child of my own
  • Surfing
  • Climbing or even walking up another mountain
  • Making a fortune and distributing it to charity

And my current Bucket List might include:-

  • Going on a sea cruise to see the Northern (or Southern) Lights
  • Owning a boat be it ever so humble
  • Holding great-grandchildren
  • Publishing a novel
  • Meeting some of the friends I have made online in the real world
  • Visiting my Sister in Nova Scotia and other relatives in the US
  • Holding an exhibition of paintings -mostly still to be painted…

Know the Ropes…

There can’t be many of us who have not instructed a colleague to show a newcomer the ropes, or have been ourselves, shown the ropes, but I hazard a guess that few of us remember, each time we hear or use this expression, that it it is yet another one from the sailor’s lexicon despite how obvious that should be to see! Below is another picture from a treasured book from my father, who used to be a keen sailor until he got married.

A new apprentice sailor bemused by the complexity of the rigging (ropes) from “Sailing Round Cape Horn” by Gunther T. Schultz – an artist’s record of the last days of commercial sailing ships. 1954 – London – Hodder & Stoughton

And penultimately, as part of what has become an unexpected extra to this year’s challenge, another Cant language link from Wikipedia. But before that, since there has been a lot of death in this post so the Cockney rhyming slang for dead is “brown bread”.

J – Jiggered – Euphemisms

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Some claim Jiggered as a north of England word…

Jiggered is a slightly old-fashioned term meaning tired out, but at least one dictionary suspects that the origin of this word is aa a euphemism for buggered. It is a common thing in many languages, countries and societies, to imagine that by changing one or in this case, two letters, you can turn a downright dirty expletive into a socially acceptable exclamation. I lived in Ireland, where the robust four-letter Anglo-Saxon swear word (meaning copulation), is bowdlerised into the word “Feck!” which perfectly respectable people deem okay to say.

Bowdlerisation is named after the English physician Thomas Bowdler (1754–1825). In 1818 he published a censored version of William Shakespeare (The Family Shakespeare), expurgating “those words and expressions […] which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family.”1

We shall encounter this phenomenon again when we come to words of a religious bent  – but not until the letter Z (spoiler alert – for Zounds).

So “J “was another difficult letter to find a word or phrase for but it is the last one for which I have not found multiple candidates so hurry on but come back tomorrow…

However, we do have four examples of Cant (cryptolect, argot, pseudo-language, anti-language or secret language) from Wikipedia…

I – In the doldrums, Idler, In the Offing.

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A yaught in the Doldrums

In the Doldrums is not just a positional term for sailors, but a very particular place not just in the Atlantic, but stretching around the world at the Equator – The Inter-Tropical  Convergence Zone – ITCZ or “Itch”. If you want to see the technical explanation see this excellent site. It is a region that all sailing ships passing from North to South (or vice versa) on the world’s oceans, could not avoid passing through. The air could be completely devoid of wind or the winds could be light and “flukey” (wandering in all directions) though equally, unexpected storms might release or deposit you in the doldrums. Because of the calm nature of the doldrums (mostly), great mats of Sargassum weed accumulate as an added hazard thereabouts so the doldrums are sometimes referred to as The Sargasso Sea.

The creeping threat of the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt – The Guardian

Being trapped for long in the doldrums was a ship’s Captains nightmare, let alone ship-owners and cargo-owners and for the crew, being trapped under an equatorial sun with no cooling breeze and the water rations diminishing by the day – well you can scarcely imagine…

Below is a drawing of a ship fortunate to have found a light wind to take it out of the doldrums…

A ship sailing in very light winds from “Sailing Round Cape Horn” by Gunther t. Schultz – an artist’s record of the last days of commercial sailing ships. 1954 – London – Hodder & Stoughton

Idlers are yet another nautical term but with a counterintuitive meaning. Far from being lazy, idlers were those members of a ship’s crew whose work took place during the daytime and so were usually excused from working on the night watch – unless it was an emergency and “All hands on deck!” was called. So carpenters, sailmakers, cooks, and cabin boys were all idlers…

In the Offing – means a ship is within sight of port – many ports have a tower from which approaching ships can be sighted and the relevant people summoned to greet her shortly. A “Widow’s Walk” is an architectural term for a balcony at or above roof level where in the days of sailing ships, wives (sea “widows”), would watch for the return of their spouses – what a sad occupation…

A widow’s walk on a home overlooking Marblehead Harbor in Marblehead, Massachusetts.

We have two Cant examples for the letter “I”, from Wikipedia today…

H – He hath eaten me out of house and home – Shakespeare

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Not a hard one to figure out – if a guest is rapacious enough in their appetite and consumes everything in the pantry, then one is eaten out of the house and home and forced to go out for more supplies – hopefully having evicted the house-guest. H proved a difficult letter to find suitable phrases for, but with this one, we get the chance to consider the many phrases whose origins are ascribed to the great William Shakespeare – this particular phrase comes from Henry IV, Part 2, Act 2 Scene 1. As I said under apple of my eye, another phrase ascribed to the Bard, I cannot but help wondering, sacrilegious as it may be, whether Shakespeare originated all these phrases or was simply the first to commit them to paper. The Shakespeare’s Birthplace Trust have no doubts though and have a webpage called Shakespeare’s Phrases which cites the phrase and the play in which it appears  – make up your own minds…

Here are a few:-

“The clothes make the man” Hamlet, Act 1, Scene 3

“The be all and end all” Macbeth, Act 1, Scene 7

“Wild goose chase” Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 4

“Brave New World” The Tempest Act 5, Scene 1.

The last one gives an example of how one phrase has been propagated – Aldous Huxley, surely a man well-educated in the Classics and Shakespeare, used “Brave New World” as the title of one of his own masterpieces which has in turn become a shortcut in any article describing utopian/dystopian paradigms but for all our familiarity with the phrase now, was it in common usage since Shakespeare and before Huxley or only a quote known to the cognoscenti, the literate class? Just as we have already encountered phrases which have multiple theories as to their origins, theories which multiply faster than rabbits in the warren of the World Wide Web (how’s that for a mixed metaphor!) – so with Shakespearean phrases, only by searching all written material and all recorded word, and counting all the occurrences could we truly know the answer…

The Clothes Make the Man – Photo by Taha on Unsplash

Lastly, we have only one “H” Cant language example from Wikipedia‘s excellent article on the subject… Hijra Farsi, from South Asia, used by the hijra and kothi subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures)

G – Greenlit, Get someone’s goat – Get there with the olives -Spanish at end of meal –Surviving historical anachronisms

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Greenlit or giving something the green light, barely scrapes into this theme since you would think that it’s not so hard to figure out – after all the traffic-lighting system has spread even further than the road traffic indicators with which we are all only too familiar. The reason it has made it into the blog is that it is not road, but railway signals that originated the coloured signalling.

Today greenlit has a special resonance with the movie industry since movies have so many hurdles to jump before they are greenlit to go ahead but green-lighting is used for all sorts of projects in many industries.

Railway semaphore signal. (2023, February 7). In Wikipedia.

The coloured lights, at least the red and green, moved over to road traffic lights fairly smoothly, although it took a while for universal agreement on the Amber warning phase. (See here)

Get Someone’s Goat…

Unlike greenlit, the origins of this phrase are not at all obvious! One might imagine from the current usage – To Make Someone Angry- that this refers to the natural consequence of the theft of a goat however the true origin is more bizarre – although it still involves the theft of hapless goats.    Goats are said to have a calming effect on horses and race horses are notoriously high-strung, so owners might put a companionable goat in the stall of a racehorse on the night before a race. Naturally, if a rival stole the goat and the horse was consequentially over-frisky, the owner would be very angry…

These are Greek not Spanish olives, taken by myself in 2020

Get There with the Olives…

Sometimes, olives are served at the end of a Spanish meal and so someone who “get’s there with the olives” is arriving very late!

Lastly – the links to Cant “G” languages courtesy of Wikipedia…

E – Early Hours – flowers, Early Doors, and The Elephant in the Room…

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19th Century Music hall goers

Though similar sounding, Early Hours and Early Doors, are quite different in origin. The first is another example of Cockney rhyming slang whilst the other, though now associated with football commentary, has an earlier origin.

Although theatres no longer practice the Early Doors system, the phrase was popularised in football commentary and much like Back to Square One, has achieved a universality in the wider world. From this excellent blog on word origins – “Why footballers, commentators and fans say ‘early doors’, when ’early’ or ‘early on’ would work just as well is probably due to Big Ron, otherwise Ron Atkinson, a well-known television football commentator, a former player and manager now regarded as one of the characters of the sport.” However, in the wider world, Early Doors has indeed become a favourite elaboration on ‘early on’.

Early Hours is rhyming slang for flowers and is a clever reference to the fact that the flower markets in London opened very early in the morning to allow the fragile blooms to reach the shops in peak conditions. Early Doors, on the other hand, goes back to the Nineteenth Century theatres and music halls in London who came up with the idea of charging a premium for patrons to go into the theatre and select their own best positions in the unreserved areas. This is seen in modern days in paying a premium fare to board a plane at the front of the queue rather than experiencing the general scrimmage.

The opening of New Covent Garden from The Evening Standard

So now we come to “The Elephant in the Room”

We all come to know the meaning of this expression at some point in our lives because it is a frequently used simile for people ignoring refusing to acknowledge the most obvious thing in a given situation, just as an elephant in the room would be hard to ignore. The origin of the expression is less well known but is from an 1814 short story by Ivan Krylov – a poet and fabulist ( a composer or teller of fables), called “The Inquisitive Man”. A man who has just visited a museum runs into a friend and is effusive about the wonders of nature he has just seen, and he enumerates them. His friend, who is obviously familiar with the museum, says to him “but did you see the elephant? (…) I’ll be bound you felt as if you were looking at a mountain.” But the first man has failed to notice the elephant – absorbed as he was with the smaller exhibits – embarrassed, he begs his friend not to tell anyone that he had failed to notice the elephant in the room.

A digital collage in the Max Ernst style by seriykotik1970

A fable, as opposed to a mere story, consciously tries to tell us something with a special or enlightening meaning and I am sure that Ivan Krylov would be proud to know that his short story has given us a phrase which has no equivalent for its simplicity and memorability. We may talk of Occam’s Razor, or that which is Staring Us in the Face, but the Elephant in the Room wins hands down!

Lastly, today’s example of Cant (see the letter C post for an explanation or go to Wikipedia) is Engsh, from Kenya.

D – In Deep Water (Out of your Depth), Dead in the water, Doozy!

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Ludolf Backhuysen, An English Vessel and a Man-of-war in a Rough Sea off a Coast with Tall Cliffs,

There are many phrases used by sailors to describe the position of ships that also, often denote relative degrees of safety or jeopardy and In Deep Water is one of them. Given that the most dangerous things that can happen to a ship are those that happen close to the shore (land) you might imagine that In Deep Water might be a safe place to be but this expression means that, in the event of the ship sinking, there is no possibility of salvaging anything. After all, in extremis, one option to save the ship, or at least its crew and perhaps cargo, would be to run the ship aground or “beach” it, but if you are in deep water off, say, a rocky cliff, then beaching is not an option…. Other positional terms include In Deep Water has changed its meaning to be almost synonymous with Out of Your Depth,(when you are swimming and can no longer touch the bottom and thus stand)but “in deep water” still somehow retains the menace of destruction eg. “The boss wants to see you – you’re in deep water!”

https://ateliersartmuseesnationaux.fr/en/engraving/KG000206

Which segues nicely into “Dead in the Water” – a phrase that refers not to dead people but dead ships. Certainly, in a naval ship was dead in the water it would mean that it’s masts and spars and very likely it’s steering had been shot to pieces by cannon fire and that the ship cannot move with the wind and thus cannot manoeuvre – it is a sitting duck and any crew still standing are likewise vulnerable. However dead in the water could be applied to a ship which is completely becalmed but we shall return to that with the letter “I”.

A word I used in a reply to somebody made the post today because I had no idea where it originates – Doozy. I first encountered it in a short story by Kurt Vonnegut Junior, one of my favourite writers and it seems that Doozy is an American term. In the story, the government has determined that intelligence must be equal amongst all men – and since the lowest levels cannot be raised easily, those with high IQs must be brought down a peg or two (another one I will have to look up!) and so the husband of an unremarkable wife, intelligence wise, receives regular electric shocks to the brain, eliciting the sympathetic response from his wife “You poor love – I can tell that one was a doozy!” The word stuck in my brain and I began to use it, however, because of the context of the story, I assumed it to refer to very bad things. In fact, it means “The very best of its kind” whether that thing is good or bad. This site suggests the meaning is a corruption of Daisy which was used especially in the late 1800s as a slang term for someone or something considered the best. I’ll buy that…

There are no Cant languages beginning with “D” “in the Wikipedia article.

C – Cockney, Cant, Chip on your shoulder, Codswallop – Just weird…

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If you thought yesterday’s tales of Brass Monkeys, was weird, then the origin of the word (etymology) “Cockney” is probably the weirdest etymology of any word I have ever come across!

One of the Penguin 60s and a great introduction to the work of Margaret Visser

I first learned the story of the word Cockney or Cockeney, from the incomparable writer of prose – Margaret Visser. The cover reproduced above is from the great 60p Penguin book which contains extracts from two of her books including “Much Depends on Dinner” – a socio-historic account of what we eat and why we eat it. In the extract “Man’s Eye View” Margaret recounts how “when a hen produced a small, malformed egg, as sometimes happens at first laying, the unsuccessful object used to be called a ‘cock’s egg’ or ‘cockeney’ in early English. The word was often used of a foolish or spoilt child, the pride of its doting mother; and then by country people to put down soft and ignorant city-dwellers. The expression was taken over by Londoners and used with pride: it is the origin of the word Cockney.”

Margaret Visser is a sublime writer of prose and although much of her writing is about and around, food, I strongly recommend her “The Geometry of Love – Space. Time, Mystery, and Meaning in an Ordinary Church”

This embracing of a term that was meant to be insulting, is symptomatic of the East Enders (of London) – to consider themselves different (better) than others as is their development of Cockney Rhyming Slang. Linguists have several terms, all with slightly different meanings, for such linguistic phenomena –

Cant – which can be divided into Cryptolet, Argot, Pseudo-language, Secret Language or – and this is the best fit for Cockney Rhyming Slang – an Anti-language. According to Wikipedia Cant is “the ‘jargon’ or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group” Anti-languages “borrow words from other languages, create unconventional compounds or use new suffixes for existing words”. Cockney Rhyming Slang works in a unique way, with a double layer of hiding the meaning. Confusing enough to say “Give us a butcher’s hook” when you mean “Give us a look”, but to those familiar with the phrase, it is not even necessary to say the whole phrase, just “Give us a butchers” hence the jump from butchers to look is made even more obscure! I urge you to read the full article on Cant because it is fascinating. Meanwhile, here are a few examples of Cockney Rhyming Slang beginning with C. “Can’t keep still!” = Treadmill (a form of hard labour punishment in 19C prisons). Crowded space = Suitcase – this conflates the rhyme with the fact that a suitcase can easily be stolen in a crowded space such as a railway station. And most definitely not PC by today’s terms “Cut and Carried” = Married – a wife would be cut off from the support of her original family and would instead be carried or provided for by her husband.

Since the Wikipedia article on Cant (language) provides a compendious and most excellent list of examples from around the world, I am going to include their links in each day’s post for all except the letters D,O,Q,U and W for which there are no examples. So to catch up to date – here are the A-C examples of Cant…

1739 Dockyard worker

With A Chip on your shoulder! – we are back in the world of sailors – or at least as close as the naval dockyards. Samuel Pepys, though more famous as a diarist, had a day job as the civil servant tasked with sorting out and rationalising the naval dockyards and although I know not whether the following custom can be ascribed to Pepys or not, it is certainly the kind of efficiency he might have instigated. So – during the construction of wooden ships, there is, necessarily a lot of waste wood – offcuts if you will. The workers in the yard were allowed to take these offcuts home for use as fuel – BUT – only if they measured less than a foot long, and these pieces of wood were referred to as “Chips”. At the dockyard gate stood an official charged with judging whether the chips were small enough to qualify and one can imagine that as with all positions of relative power, the system was open to corruption, favouritism and cronyism. So whilst all the dockyard workers might literally have had chips on their shoulders, the expression became used to describe one who did not get on well with the measurer of chips and who could not get away with any chip slightly over the limit… For a fuller account click here.

Codd-neck bottle. (2022, September 21). In Wikipedia.

Codswallop… Nowadays used as a term for rubbish or nonsense, the origin of the word is uncertain and several theories exist – I will let you judge…

Codd-neck bottle. (2022, September 21). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codd-neck_bottle

In 1872, soft-drink maker Hiram Codd of Camberwell, London, designed the bottle shown above which became known as a Codd Bottle. It was used to bottle carbonated soft drinks or fermented but non-alcoholic drinks such as ginger beer by filling the bottle whilst upside down and once full, the pressure of the co2 gas would force the marble in the neck against a rubber seal where the pressure would keep the bottle sealed. The BBC’s Antiques Road Show were presented with a perfectly intact Codds Bottle whose value they placed in the thousands of pounds due to rarity value. As they explained, children, on finding the bottles, knocked the tops of to get at the marble – hence the rarity. They also asserted that to open the bottle and pour the drink out, you had to hit or wallop the marble smartly and force it downwards – hence the codswallop! Other theories are that the word wallop was slang for “beer” and that beer drinkers disdained the non-alcoholic offerings such as ginger beer, as rubbish. Codding is an old word for joking, so somewhere in those ideas – codswallop emerged and lived on well beyond the life of the Codds Bottle, to mean rubbish. This illustrates how the original meaning of a word or phrase, can not simply be lost, but theories can multiply, and with the world-wide web, theories can spread – often without the rigorous referencing that might allow the truth, in so far as any historic truth can be known, to emerge.

B – The Bitter End, Between a Rock and a Hard Place, Brass monkeys, Butcher’s Bill, – Sailors’ terms

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Today we come, for the first but by no means the only time, to sailors’ jargon – in particular, sailors from the days of the great wooden sailing ships of both the (English) Royal Navy and what we would now term the Merchant Navy. Sailors’ lives are still lived apart from their families, from “landsmen” even from sailors from other ships, most of the time – so as a profession and even as individual ship’s crews, sailors develop their own special lexicon of words and phrases. This is not, I think, to keep their communications secret as is the case with say, Cockney rhyming slang – rather it is just a collection of job-related jargon  – yet some of these phrases have gained wider parlance although their original meaning may have been lost or obscured in the process. Some sailor’s phrases are obvious enough in meaning “washed up” for example, but others need a bit of explanation such as the following…

“The Bitter End” – this has assumed the meaning “when you get to the very end of a situation – the “end of the road” but it is in fact, a misquotation of the seaman’s phrase “having reached the biter end”. We are familiar with the sight of the capstan – a massive winch radiating spokes pushed on by sweating sailors and used to haul up the ship’s anchor. However, the thickness of the anchor rope (hawse) and its wet and even slimy condition, would not have made it possible to wrap it around a capstan, Instead, a thinner rope went around the capstan and was attached to the anchor rope where it came aboard by a sharp hook called a ”biter”, that dug into the anchor rope and pulled it aboard. This thinner rope was only as long as the distance from the capstan to the “hawse hole” and so when the “biter” got near to the capstan, the hawse had to be secured momentarily, and the “biter” repositioned at the hawse hole again, ready to pull in the next section of the hawse. This moment was known as “reaching the biter end”, and whilst the sense of the expression was understood very appropriately by non-sailors, the real meaning together with the biter (as opposed to bitter) was lost.

That the expression should have gained such wide traction, is a testament to the evocative idea of reaching, with bitterness, the end. Another expression which has travelled far beyond its (non-naval) origins, is:-

“Back to Square One” which expression I have heard even in non-English parlance – though quoted in English, which is a surefire sign that no better expression exists in that language*. Its origin dates back to the early days of Sports coverage on the BBC Home Service (now BBC Radio 4). Commentators could not figure out how to describe the movement and position of the ball action on the football field and so the Radio Times (a magazine of programme listings) published a diagram of a football pitch with all the lines and markings and numbering the important areas of the pitch. The commentators soon abandoned this cumbersome descriptive system and realised that describing the action, the possession, the player names, the direction of travel and the kicks and tackles, was all that was required for listeners who could fill the rest in with their imagination. Brief as the usage of “Back to Square One” was, historically, it gained widespread and even international usage to mean “Back to the Beginning”. We will discover I coming posts that many phrases have disputed origins and an alternative suggestion for “back to square one” is the game of Snakes and Ladders, but only one snake can take you back to square one and so it is not a universal occurrence during the game and I for one side with the football commentary explanation!

The French, whose language was once the official language of International Diplomacy, have never forgiven the English language for having usurped its place and one expression of this anger, is the attempt to root out “Franglais” words – English words that have been adopted by the French for want of a better native word, or vice versa. I would suggest that this rigidity is the very reason for the success of the English language because despite its occasionally quirky pronunciation issues, it is easy to learn since you can string words together in any order (no waiting for the verbs at the end of the sentence) and without having to gender them and yet be understood. As well, English happily admits Franglais or any other foreign words for which it has no equivalent –  such as Picnic (from the French – Pique-nique) to enlarge its diversity! Examples of English to French Franglais include blazer, brunch, burger, blog and brainstorming – and that’s just the B’s! Ironically, the attempt by the Académie Française, to restrict the entry of English words, is the very reason why they enter common usage in French-speaking countries (Quebec is equally disdainful of Franglais) – if a language is set in aspic, not allowed to grow and meet the challenges of new objects and ideas, what are people to do?

By Item is held by John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14511438

“Between a Rock and a Hard Place…” – this is not hard to understand once you realise that it is a sailor’s term – a rock is a rock and the “hard place” means the “shore”, a “lee shore” is a shore that a ship is being blown towards, and since it is impossible for a sailing ship to sail directly into the wind but only diagonally towards it – so if your ability to sail diagonally towards the wind and away from a lee shore, is compromised by a rock to windward and you are in a very dangerous position…

“Cold Enough to Freeze the Balls Off a Brass Monkey!” – you may be beginning to see the “lost in translation” aspect of sayings overheard from sailors by landsmen in which case, you will not be surprised to learn that this expression has nothing to do with statues of simians cast in brass losing their genitalia!

A “monkey” on a wooden ship, especially a warship, was a (usually) wooden tray with rounded depressions in which cannon balls were stacked in preparation for the battle – the last thing you wanted was heavy cannon balls rolling around the deck of a pitching deck – let alone a “loose cannon” – so cannons were secured (against recoil on firing) by strong ropes and cannon balls were kept on a monkey. I said that monkeys were usually made of wood, but admirals or very lucky captains, who had made a lot of money from their share of “prizes” (captured ships, evaluated and paid for by the Navy) – were allowed to prettify their ships with gold leaf, dress their crews in custom, fancy uniforms, and purchase brass monkeys rather than the standard issue wooden ones. Now here’s the thing, a monkey was carefully designed so that you could pile the cannon balls up in a pyramid to maximise your supply of cannon balls in as small a space as possible but the thermal coefficient of expansion of brass (the monkey) and iron (the cannon balls) is different – the brass monkey shrinks more than iron in very cold conditions. Now, the carefully spaced second and subsequent layers of the pyramid are too big for their positions and can roll off the monkey hence “Cold Enough to Freeze the Balls Off a Brass Monkey!” – Simples! Not!

Lastly, we come to a term probably used by Soldiers as well as military Sailors – “The Butcher’s Bill” – which sad term represents the reckoning of dead and wounded following a battle.

I hope you have enjoyed the elucidation of these sailor’s terms and rest assured there will be more to come – but for now, that’s the B’s done!

A – The Apple of my Eye, Academic – Contranyms…

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“You are the apple of my eye!” – If ever there was an expression that we all use and know the meaning of but which – when you really think about it – does not quite make sense – this is it! The indefatigable Wikipedia has this to say “The phrase “apple of my eye” refers in English to something or someone that one cherishes above all others.” So much for the usage, it then goes on to say “Originally, the phrase was simply an idiom referring to the pupil of the eye.” Wikipedia continues that the earliest recorded usage is from the 9th Century in a publication attributed to Alfred the Great (he of the burnt cakes and the persistent spider) but then refers to Shakespeare and finally to the King James edition of The Bible. Shakespeare is credited with originating so many words and phrases that one has to wonder whether it is merely that he was such a prolific playwright and thus he is the first to write down certain things – after all, who goes around inventing words and phrases – especially a man who played to the hoi polio and to the gentry within the same play – jokes for the former and subtle machinations for the latter. Would it not be confusing to be inventing things? Likewise with the bible – surely the translator from the Hebrew text, used common parlance or idiom to make the Bible understandable. However, both Shakespeare (in Midsummer Night’s Dream) and instances in the bible seem to be using the Apple of Your Eye to refer to the dark pupil at the centre of the eye, or possibly to the entire eye. Personally, as a lover of apples, I always took the phrase to conflate the seeing of and comparison to a beloved object such as an apple…

Photo by Perchek Industrie on Unsplash

My father, who was an academic at the University of Oxford, was fond of pointing out, that “To most of the world, the word Academic, means irrelevant!” That makes the word Academic a contranym – a word which has two opposite meanings – high brow and irrelevant. Other examples are:-
To cleave

Definition 1: to join or adhere closely; cling.

Example 1: The shy baby rabbit cleaved to his mother’s body.

Definition 2: to split or divide, especially by cutting.

Example 2: The hunter uses a Swiss Army knife to cleave the rabbit’s meat from the bone.
To sanction

Definition 1: to permit or grant approval.

Example 1: In some countries, the government sanctions the ownership of guns by private citizens.

Definition 2: to condemn or penalize.

Example 2: In some states, the government imposes sanctions on the ownership of guns by private citizens.

Where does the word academic come from? Plato’s Academy was taught by the great philosopher in the public gardens known as “the grove of Akadēmos,” a legendary Athenian of the Trojan War tales (his name, Latinized as Academus, apparently means “of a silent district”), who was original estate-holder of the site”, see here for more.

Photo by Ray Harrington on Unsplash

Do contranyms make the learning of the English language more difficult than other languages (do other languages also have contranyms? Do please tell…) Not as hard as the verbs at the end of the sentence putting (German) or having to know the gender of objects (many languages) and not always either guessable or logical either! There are not such an onerous number of contranyms to be learned and to dumb down the language by avoiding their use would, I think, be a loss –  so I cleave to contranyms…*