My only clue to you courtesy of Google Maps is that you live in a bungalow on a tree-lined avenue nicely displaying Autumn colours on which slender basis I choose to send you this AI vision of a post-apocalyptic Knaresborough (a nearby town in Yorkshire.) The iconic railway viaduct subducting beneath invading trees a tiny signal box, brick-built the last remaining trace of civilization – so if we heed not signs of climate change – we may yet face this devastation…
This last year, both I and many poets I know (in the Internet sense as opposed to the real world or the biblical), have started illustrating their work using AI images whose results are sometimes so stunning as to distract from the poems being illustrated. So are we shooting ourselves in the foot, gilding the lily…
The Poetry Postcard Fest is a challenge which encourages poets to write an unedited poem on a postcard and send it to a stranger. It is organised by the Cascadia Poetics Lab, which arranges the participants into lists of 31 + yourself for you to address your offerings to. This was my second year and I was on List 10. The lists are sent out in early July and you have until the end of August to send out your poetic missives – to date I have received 18 of 31 possibles and now that we are into September, it is allowable to share the cards and poems you sent. Although the original poem is to be sent as written – crossings out, blots and all, I have typed them out for people who can’t read my writing and I am allowing myself to edit if I feel like it…
Dear Francoise A little peek on Google Maps shows me that Hedgesville is the most charming of small towns deep in W. Virginia’s Appalachians and I picked this card because it seemed “homespun” though in truth it is the creation of Artificial intelligence if I may call it that… I guess there are a lot of pictures of the work of crafters for an A. I. to learn from and oblige me though in truth I can knit, crochet, sew and embroider as well as any man I know but these little hearts could do as ideas for “real-world” art Much Love Andrew
I sent a card but cannot match it to the picture on the front of the card and so #9 is my poem only… If Emily Darby of Group 10 would care to DM me I would be most obliged…
Dear Emily They say we never really lose a memory but if the mind is a palace ever-expanding as we age then for sure, we forget how to find our way through the labyrinth of corridors where in places, ceilings have collapsed and should we revisit darker passages we should trail a long string so we may retrace our steps and not get lost for good. But with each exploration we may map the past – define our own archaeology…
Thank you for your lovely card of Mont Blanc, whose style I adore… Much Love – Andrew
During the month of April this year, whilst participating in the A to Z Challenge, I was privileged to encounter the work of Misky whose blog It’s Still Life, showcases two distinct things, poetry written by Misky and illustrated using Generative Artwork created by Misky using the Midjourney AI app. So amazing were these images to someone who is in part, a visual artist, that it inspired me to make an exploration of Generative AI for myself. At the same time, AI has been hitting the headlines big time and mainly for its use in text generation and the impact it might have on jobs and since writing is another thing that I do in my day job, I was also intrigued to see whether AI might be of any use in a company such as I work for. (I am the gradually retiring General Manager of a food manufacturing company). It has been a fascinating voyage of discovery and to cap it all, lying awake at 4 o’clock this morning, I found myself listening to “The Conversation” on the BBC World Service and what should be the topic, but AI with special reference to the involvement of women. So – mind on fire, I am going to draw this series together, although I freely acknowledge I have but dipped my toe in the waters of AI and I may return to the topic in the future…
To recap the three articles I have already written:- In the first one, I tried out ChatGPT to see what it research and write about one of the topics from my A to Z and immediately encountered the phenomena of AI hallucination – the ability, in fact tendency of AI to make things up. I also “showcased” my first attempts at visual collaboration with the Midjourney bot . In the second report, I compared ChatGPT to Writesonic which produces more lengthy articles – testing them against a typical (for me) work assignment. In the third report, I looked at the most controversial assertion about AI – that AI might in the future, eliminate human beings – Terminator-style and referenced articles that thoroughly refute the need to worry about that particular outcome – go re-assure yourselves! However, there are many things about our present and future use of AI that do bear looking at and these were raised in the episode of “The Conversation” that woke me up this morning. The programme, presented by a woman, featured two women working in the field of AI, one a philosopher and one an expert in data analysis and as well as the general concerns that need addressing about AI, they highlighted the general lack of representation of women in the field of AI – only one CEO, qualifying women failing to get jobs in the industry and so on. They did however point out that one of the changes to AI itself in recent times, has been the accessibility of use – no longer do you need to have a degree in computer programming – you could make your first interaction with ChatGPT in the same time it would take you to query something on Google. Which brings me back to Misky…
Misky was not only the inspiration for my (deepish?) dive into AI, but was extremely helpful and encouraging to me at the outset, itself a reflection of how women tend to be more collaborative, good team players – a fact which the contributors to “The Conversation” suggested is a good reason for women to me more involved in AI companies, in reviewing the implications and in forming the regulation which is undoubtedly necessary around AI. A few days ago, I was delighted to meet Misky face-to-face on a Zoom call after many text interactions online and one of the things that she shared in our too-brief call, was that she had had some push-back from certain readers of her blog, about the use of AI images. I would like to talk to her more about these issues, but the participants in “The Conversation” raised the issue of how artists, whose work has been studied by AI to create new images “in the style of”, are being short-changed. You may have been wondering about the image at the top of this post – I created in Midjourney by prompting it to “imagine” Knaresborough railway viaduct “in the style of Hokusai” – a master of Japanese woodblock prints. I have used this subject as my test piece for exploring what Midjourney can do as you will see in the previous post. Now Hokusai is long dead and so the issue of compensation is hardly an issue, but another group of more recent artists might object. I am working on a spoof post – “How to Make a Body” a tale of human reproduction in the style of an Internet recipe ad although, like Misky, the writing is all my own, I wanted an illustration to fit with the tone of the piece and prompted Midjourney to “imagine” a woman in a hospital bed, holding her newborn baby and with her husband leaning in “in the style of a Ladybird book cover”. For those of you who may not be familiar with Ladybird books, they were written for children starting in the 1940’s and running until the 1980’s and they feature a distinct style of illustration.
In recent years, a series of spoof books in the Ladybird style and aimed at those who had grown up with the original series, have been vert successful, for example…
I had no idea whether Midjourney would be able to fulfil my prompt, there are lists of artists’ styles you can use with Midjourney but I hadn’t seen this one – I was not disappointed!
I am keeping my powder dry as to the final image I chose but this first set of four (Midjourney shows off by producing not one, but four attempts in under sixty seconds) – which was done to the prompt of “A new mother in a hospital bed with her husband leaning in as she holds their new baby in the style of a Ladybird Book Cover” has misunderstood my intention and the mother is holding a magazine rather than a baby – though the graphic style is very Ladybird book-like. I acknowledge that I am still only a beginner in my use of prompts with all the forms of AI I have tried so far and there is undoubtedly an “art” to getting it right which is why I said “I created in Midjourney”. Although I am a competent watercolourist, screen-printer and other forms of illustrative art, I could not produce images such as the above and certainly not in sixty seconds. So, how much of this creation is my prompt, how much is the brilliant programming behind Midjourney and how much is owed to the various artists who could produce the illustrations of the Ladybird books? I cannot begin to answer that question but it does raise an issue which needs considering in formulating regulation around the use of AI. Meanwhile, like Misky and I, jump in and have a go and get a feel for yourself of the answer to the god-like feeling of creating with an AI tool…
Much of the debate around the consequences of the rise of AI, is around its impact on jobs and the potential losses and gains. As I described in my first report, the development of computer spreadsheets swept away the lowly positions in Accountancy but opened up many more jobs at the high end of the profession and although this might be the hope for AI, that it liberates us from the menial and allows us to create new roles – roles which might be beyond the capability of AI to imagine, at present, it is not just the menial tasks that are being threatened by bots like ChatGPT, but some roles higher up in various industries. Having said that, given the tendency of AI’s to hallucinate, I wouldn’t trust an AI’s writing without an experienced human checking the output of any writing before sending it out! Also, when you are a creative individual yourself, then trying to get AIs to produce exactly what you have in mind is tricky. In my 2021 A to Z challenge, I was trying to complete a science-fiction novel and the exercise gave me enough momentum to indeed finish it a few months later. Then I set about creating a book cover for it – to feature the final denouement – a tense scene set in a space-elevator on the edge of space. I prepared the background view by Photoshopping some NASA photographs looking the length of the Red Sea towards Palestine, painted in a great river estuary as per my planet, and then superimposed some 3D elements which I drew up in AutoCAD and finally added the title and my name. You can see this below, however, I felt that the result was not quite up to the standard of artwork commissioned by big sci-fi publishers and imagined that in the unlikely event of the novel being published, an improved version of the cover would be substituted for my “sketch”.
Back to today, and naturally, I thought it would be a good test of Midjourney to see whether it could be used to produce a better version of my cover. Well, the first attempts were brilliant style-wise, but nothing like the image I wanted and many attempts followed to no avail…
My prompt read “space lift arriving at 300 miles above Earth like planet over Sahara like region array of cargo containers spread out in one layer small spaceship approaching“Midjourney couldn’t understand Space lift and I had to change lift to elevator, it couldn’t understand “array of cargo containers” but it did have all the sci-fi style I wanted. So then I decided to create a space view background without the lift and substitute it into my own cover illustration. Bingo!
Still I hanker for the crisply detailed images of the elevator that Midjourney is capable of if only I could prompt it correctly – so a work in progress… What this exercise does show, is that it is possible to use AI for the things it can do better in combination with human talent.
In Conclusion…
This exploration of AI has felt like a marathon and it is just one person’s experience and I am really only at the beginning of my exploration, I’m sure I will find both text and image-generative bots to be of use in my future work and play. I urge you all to experiment for yourselves, form your own judgements (and please share your results by linking in the comments), join the debate over the regulation of AI, and explore other artists, in particular, Misky, who began this journey…
Lady in Read – such a great pun – and it truly reflects Vidya’s approach to her blog – it might be described as Fusion – “Lady in Red” is a western song by Chris de Burgh and it has featured in several films and both Vidya’s avatar and blog banner show her in a red dress but in the content she goes further. For example, in this year’s A to Z (she is a veteran participant), she wrote poems about people and places from India and particularly Karnatka where she grew up. However, Vidya writes prompted by many blogging challenges including NaPoWriMo which was also running in April and rather than do two separate posts, Vidya gives us a mash-up or fusion. so in My Heart Beats for Harihar, her H post, Vidya writes a poem celebrating the town she grew up in as a Sea Shanty – the NaPoWriMo prompt! To have followed Vidya’s A to Z is to take a deep dive into Indian/Karnatka culture but served up with a fusion twist seasoned with a great deal of humour…
Vidya also explored using AI for both images to illustrate some posts and also to generate ideas for post titles and you can read about her assessment of her experiments in her Reflections Post.
The origin of the word Robot, is the Czech word robota, meaning “forced labour”, from a Slavic root – rab, meaning “slave”. Herein lies much of our fear and angst when we consider the future of robots because Slave implies a Master and so slaves are capable of revolt – of turning against their masters…
The pursuit of developing robots, is that they might assist humans in doing jobs which are too difficult, dangerous or just too plain boring for humans – things which in the past, and even today – (think wage-slaves, modern slavery) – have been done by human slaves and so these fears have a foundation in fact – there have been many slave revolts!
The problem of creating robots is twofold – body, and mind. On the body side, we have long had Automatons – they range from say a music box which can play a tune, to the most sophisticated machines that are now being tested for their ability to play football. On the mind side, we have the quest for AI – Artificial Intelligence which is the subject of hot debate at present for reasons varying from “Will AI take our jobs away?” to “Will AI outgrow and destroy human beings?” which brings us back to the man who first coined the word robot in his play “R.U.R.” (which stands for “Rossum’s Universal Robots”) premiered in Prague in 1921, Karel Čapek. Like many of his generation, just out of the horrors of the First World War, Čapek was sceptical of the utopian benefits of science and technology – or rather the uses which human beings put those things. You can read a more detailed account of his play here. But what “R.U.R.” illustrates is that science fiction is the way we explore the possibilities and problems of what may be achieved in the development of robots and our relationship to them.
Starting with the body problem, long before the amazingly intricate creations of the 18th century with watchmaker ingenuity inside, the ancient Egyptians imbued statues with souls and the Greeks envisaged artificial men such as Talos But those later amazing mechanical figures who might play a tune on an inbuilt musical box, are only built to perform one task, albeit a potentially complex task and in this respect, modern technology has created many robots which assist us today without posing any threat except to the workers they superseded. Car plants use many robot arms to manufacture cars with greater strength, dexterity (programmed), speed and accuracy than the human beings who used to do the jobs. Still, without reprogramming, these robot arms do one thing only and their “intelligence” is limited to a programmable computer.
Turning to the issue of robotic minds – Artificial Intelligence is progressing in leaps and bounds, to use an anthropocentric metaphor – several people doing this year’s A to Z Challenge have experimented with AI including Misky who has used the AI graphic app Midjourney to create amazing illustrations for the poems she has posted – check out her site! She has talked about how many times she has to try and prompt the app in order to get these illustrations the way she wants them, tweaking the style and content descriptors and this shows that although the Midjourney app is incredibly powerful, it is still soft AI. The limitations of soft AI are best illustrated by Alexa the Amazon speaker app – instruct it thus “Alexa – tell me a joke!” and she will indeed tell you a joke, but then say “Alexa – tell me another…” and Alexa doesn’t know what you mean unless you specify “another joke”. Hard AI would be the kind which was truly capable of independently sentient thought, and we are some way off from that if Alexa is anything to go by. Alan Turing, imagining (stupendously) the future possibilities of AI devised the Turing Test in which an evaluator would hold two remote conversations, with a human being and with an AI and if they could not distinguish which was the AI, then it might be said to have truly intelligent behaviour. We may be approaching this watershed moment but I like to think that, writing this blog, for example, an AI would not be drawing out the ideas that I have – at least not without close supervision – anyway, I am going to do my own evaluative exploration of AI right here once the A to Z is finished, so watch this space…
The problem for designing robots which are indistinguishable from human beings, is how to cram an AI sizes computer into the body of a robot – Chat GPT can generate text which only another special app can discern to have been written by an AI, but the computers necessary to run ChatGPT are enormous and the miracle which is the human brain is most notable for its compact size – given it’s power. Nevertheless, there are many who are afraid that AI alone, without human-looking robots, can outmatch the human race and destroy it. Of course, we have many science fiction thought experiments to thank for that particular trope from Čapek’s “R.U.R.”, Fritz Lang’s “Metropolis”, through Asimov’s “I Robot”, My own favourite, “Bladerunner” and looming large in these debates about the dangers of rampant AI – the “Terminator” series of films.
(From left) Alfred Abel, Brigitte Helm, and Rudolf Klein-Rogge in Metropolis, directed by Fritz Lang, 1927. From a private collection.
In all these fictional considerations of the relationship between men and machines, different solutions are proposed to keeping the “robota -slaves” in check. Asimov came up with The Three Laws of Robotics –
First Law: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
Second Law: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
These laws would be encoded into the AI controlling all robots at their inception and would be sacrosanct. This idea escaped the creators of the Terminator series robots whilst in Bladerunner, the manufacturers of the “replicants” had to build in auto-destruction of their products after a small number of years lest their self-learning robots get too big for their boots and turn on their creators – sensibly too, replicants were not allowed on Earth but only sent to do the typical jobs of slaves, out in space as miners, soldiers, builders – dirty, dangerous jobs. Ultimately, the Replicants in Philip K. Dick’s story, show us something about what it is to be human ( as all good science fiction does, if only because it is written by humans), at the end of the story, (spoiler alert) the human Bladerunner, charged with tracking down and destroying renegade Replicants who have made it to Earth in pursuit of getting their lifespans extended, is being dangled over the edge of a roof by the leader of the group of Replicants. Rutger Hauer, the actor who plays The Replicant Roy Batty, whilst dangling the Bladerunner, makes a speech which has become known as the ”Tears in the Rain monologue” as follows:
“I’ve seen things… seen things you little people wouldn’t believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion bright as magnesium… I rode on the back decks of a blinker and watched C-beams glitter in the dark near the Tannhäuser Gate. All those moments… they’ll be gone.”
Moments later he lifts the Bladerunner to safety just before his brain self-destructs – talk about saved by the bell! But of course, the Bladerunner -played by Harrison Ford, was saved by the robot/ replicant, perhaps out of mercy (a very human trait which the replicant might have developed) but perhaps in the hope that the Bladerunner might respond by trying to change things for Replicant To me this gets to the crux of being human – just when we are getting the hang of life, out time is up…
Incidentally, Rutger Hauer, not liking the lines that had been written for him, and with only a few minutes of shooting time left, famously improvised the “Tears in the Rain” monologue – kudos!
In our fears over the development of robots and AI, are we perhaps projecting our fears about our own human traits onto them, we aspired to create them to be our helpers, such as AI interpreting MRI scans more effectively than human beings, so why would we think that AI would want to destroy or enslave human beings (The Matrix)? Perhaps it’s because we human beings, given the chance, have all too often enslaved other human beings, abused, exploited and been ready to lynch them at the first sign of independence, let alone revolt. Do we need to take heed of the results of science fiction’s thought experiment warnings – of course we do! We should no more allow the unregulated development of AI any more than we would allow our children to play with loaded guns, but those regulations would be to keep in check the humans who would use AI, or rather misuse it. We should watch out for governments who want to create AI-powered weapons or control their people with ever more efficient propaganda – even before AI we are struggling to know what is true in the news. We have plenty to worry about in the humans – let alone AI and Robots. However, between regulation, commonsense, and perhaps most of all. the fact that AI might have learned lessons from the human mistakes that are messing up the planet, might we be pleasantly surprised to find that AIs assist us as they were intended to do, solving problems of the environment, working out how to operate an economy not based on permanent growth and war – might we be headed for Iain Banks’ “Culture” series rather than “Terminator”…
So one final sci-fi thought experiment from the great Marge Piercy – “He, She and It”, which goes to the question of what would happen if we could achieve hard AI and make it small enough to fit into an android-style (human shaped) robot. In an environmentally post-apocalyptic world, a woman is given the task of socialising just such an android, because Marge Piercy imagines that true sentience, as opposed to a glorified search engine, would require teaching and guiding as to what sense to make of the world – rather like a child. If she is right, then the great leap forward to hard AI, true sentience, would not be a runaway Terminator scenario, but a chance to imbueAI with the best qualities of human beings rather than the worst. Running through the book is the story of The Golem – a man made from mud and brought to”life” by Cabbalistic magic in order to protect the ghetto and in this story is that familiar warning of the dangers inherent in creating powerful androids which has echoed through speculative fiction ever since Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein”… “He, She and It” is such an amazing book that I am surprised that it has not been made into a movie…
So what do you believe will be the future of AI and Robots -slave, nemesis of the human race or willing and able helper?
And so lastly, to – as pernicious a law as humans could devise, The Rule of Thumb – another phrase that has disputed meanings. Some people imagine the Rule of Thumb to describe a readily available way of measuring things – an Inch is approximately equivalent to the breadth of the top joint of an adult thumb, but a ruling by Judge Francis Buller in 1782, allows that a man could legally beat his wife, as long as he used a stick that was no thicker than his thumb – see here. I suspect that those who favour the measuring theory and disparage the beating one, are men…
This Gillray cartoon of Judge Buller from 1782 shows ‘Judge Thumb’ selling sticks for wife-beating Bridgeman
The Cant languages from the Wikipedia article for the letter “R” are:
